A wide range of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis are regulated by TGF-β superfamily members. The TGF-βs include the three major TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 which are expressed in mammals. TGF-β transduces signals through a complex of two related but structurally and functionally distinct serine/threonine kinase receptors, termed type 1 and type II. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling has been also implicated in various human diseases including cancer, pancreatic diseases, and hematological malignancies. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.