Haptoglobin 2-2 (Hp 2-2) is the least effective of the three haptoglobin phenotypes in binding free hemoglobin and therefore provides less antioxidant benefits than Hp 1-1. Hp 2-2 is associated with renal failure, familial epilepsy, hypertension, atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases. Individuals who are phenotype 2-2 have the lowest concentration of haptoglobin in plasma. no visible alpha-1 light chain by SDS-PAGE，Prepared from plasma shown to be non reactive for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HBc, and negative for anti-HIV 1 & 2 by FDA approved tests.products are laboratory reagents and are not to be administered to humans or used for any drug purpose. For research use only.
