Skip to the beginning of the images gallery

Cytisine - 98%, high purity , CAS No.485-35-8

Moligand™
≥98%

CAS#: 485-35-8
Formula: C₁₁H₁₄N₂O
Molecular Weight: 190.24
EC Number: 207-616-0
MDL number: MFCD00136048
PubChem CID: 10235

Item Number

C107705

Grouped product items
SKU	Size	Availability	Price
C107705-25mg	25mg	In stock	$48.90
C107705-100mg	100mg	In stock	$176.90
C107705-500mg	500mg	In stock	$793.90
C107705-1g	1g	In stock	$1,428.90

Potent, selective nAChR agonist

View related series

Cell signal transduction and Neuroscience Pyridines

Basic Description

Synonyms	CYTISINE\|485-35-8\|Baptitoxine\|Sophorine\|Cytisinicline\|Baptitoxin\|Laburnin\|Cytiton\|Tabex\|Ulexine\|(-)-Cytisine\|Ulexin\|Cytisin\|Cytitone\|Tsitizin\|Tabax\|Cystisine\|Citizin\|Cytizin\|Baphitoxine\|6039 Sopharma\|(1R,5S)-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-1H-1,5-methanopyrido[1,2-a][
Specifications & Purity	Moligand™, ≥98%
Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms	Potent, selective agonist at neuronal nicotinic receptors. Acts as a partial agonist at β 2 -containing nicotinic receptors. (K i values are 2 (α4β2), 5890 (α7), 480 (α3β4), 329 (α6/α4β4) and 492 nM (α1β1γδ)).
Shipped In	Normal
Grade	Moligand™
Note	Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20°C. Generally, these will be useable for up to one month. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour. Toxic, refer to SDS for further information. Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please visit our frequently asked questions (FAQ) page for more details.

Product Properties

ALogP	0.2

Associated Targets

CYP1A2 Tchem Cytochrome P450 1A2 0 Activities

Discover Target: CYP1A2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CYP2D6 Tclin Cytochrome P450 2D6 0 Activities

Discover Target: CYP2D6

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CYP2C19 Tchem Cytochrome P450 2C19 0 Activities

Discover Target: CYP2C19

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CYP3A4 Tclin Cytochrome P450 3A4 0 Activities

Discover Target: CYP3A4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CYP2C9 Tchem Cytochrome P450 2C9 0 Activities

Discover Target: CYP2C9

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

USP1 Tchem Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 0 Activities

Discover Target: USP1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

KMT2A Tchem Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A 0 Activities

Discover Target: KMT2A

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

HDAC6 Tclin Histone deacetylase 6 0 Activities

Discover Target: HDAC6

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLCO1B1 Tchem Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 0 Activities

Discover Target: SLCO1B1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLCO1B3 Tchem Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 0 Activities

Discover Target: SLCO1B3

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

LMNA Tbio Prelamin-A/C 0 Activities

Discover Target: LMNA

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRND Tclin Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta 0 Activities

Discover Target: CHRND

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRNA7 Tchem Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 3 Activities

Discover Target: CHRNA7

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRNA3 Tclin Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 0 Activities

Discover Target: CHRNA3

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRNA1 Tclin Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 0 Activities

Discover Target: CHRNA1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRNB2 Tclin Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 0 Activities

Discover Target: CHRNB2

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

CHRNB4 Tclin Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 0 Activities

Discover Target: CHRNB4

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

ACHE Tclin Acetylcholinesterase 0 Activities

Discover Target: ACHE

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

MAPT Tclin Microtubule-associated protein tau 0 Activities

Discover Target: MAPT

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

BCHE Tclin Cholinesterase 0 Activities

Discover Target: BCHE

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

IMPA1 Tclin Inositol monophosphatase 1 0 Activities

Discover Target: IMPA1

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

KDM4E Tchem Lysine-specific demethylase 4E 0 Activities

Discover Target: KDM4E

Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

Names and Identifiers

IUPAC Name	(1R,9S)-7,11-diazatricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]trideca-2,4-dien-6-one
INCHI	InChI=1S/C11H14N2O/c14-11-3-1-2-10-9-4-8(5-12-6-9)7-13(10)11/h1-3,8-9,12H,4-7H2/t8-,9+/m0/s1
InChi Key	ANJTVLIZGCUXLD-DTWKUNHWSA-N
Canonical SMILES	C1C2CNCC1C3=CC=CC(=O)N3C2
Isomeric SMILES	C1[C@H]2CNC[C@@H]1C3=CC=CC(=O)N3C2
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	HA4025000
PubChem CID	10235
UN Number	2811
Molecular Weight	190.24

Database links

Wikipedia	Cytisine
CAS Registry No.	485-35-8
ChEBI	CHEBI:4055
PubChem CID	10235
ChEMBL Ligand	CHEMBL497939
RCSB PDB Ligand	C5E
DrugCentral Ligand	5217

Certificates

Certificate of Analysis(COA)

Enter Lot Number to search for COA:

To view the certificate results,please click on a Lot number.For Lot numbers from past orders,please use our order status section

5 results found

Lot Number	Certificate Type	Date	Item
K1820032	Certificate of Analysis	Sep 19, 2022	C107705
K1820031	Certificate of Analysis	Sep 19, 2022	C107705
B2225301	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 27, 2021	C107705
B2225316	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 27, 2021	C107705
B2225387	Certificate of Analysis	Dec 27, 2021	C107705

Chemical and Physical Properties

Solubility	Soluble in water; Soluble in Methanol,Ethanol; Slightly soluble in Benzene,Acetone
Specific Rotation[α]	-112° (C=1,EtOH)
Boil Point(°C)	218°C
Melt Point(°C)	155°C

Safety and Hazards(GHS)

Pictogram(s)	GHS06, GHS07
Signal	Danger
Hazard Statements	H315:Causes skin irritation H319:Causes serious eye irritation H335:May cause respiratory irritation H301:Toxic if swallowed
Precautionary Statements	P261:Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. P305+P351+P338:IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do - continue rinsing. P280:Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P302+P352:IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of water. P321:Specific treatment (see ... on this label). P405:Store locked up. P501:Dispose of contents/container to ... P264:Wash hands [and …] thoroughly after handling. P271:Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P270:Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P304+P340:IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P403+P233:Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P362+P364:Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P330:Rinse mouth. P264+P265:Wash hands [and …] thoroughly after handling. Do not touch eyes. P301+P316:IF SWALLOWED: Get emergency medical help immediately. P337+P317:If eye irritation persists: Get medical help. P332+P317:If skin irritation occurs: Get medical help. P319:Get medical help if you feel unwell.
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	HA4025000
Merck Index	2789

References

1. Luo R et al.. (2013) Direct and GABA-mediated indirect effects of nicotinic ACh receptor agonists on striatal neurones.. J Physiol, 591 (Pt 1): (203-17). [PMID:23045343]
2. Caterina Canu Boido,Bruno Tasso,Vito Boido,Fabio Sparatore. (2003-03-07) Cytisine derivatives as ligands for neuronal nicotine receptors and with various pharmacological activities.. Farmaco (Societa chimica italiana : 1989), 58 ((3)): (265-277). [PMID:12620422]
3. Y E Slater,L M Houlihan,P D Maskell,R Exley,I Bermúdez,R J Lukas,A C Valdivia,B K Cassels. (2003-03-21) Halogenated cytisine derivatives as agonists at human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes.. Neuropharmacology, 44 ((4)): (503-515). [PMID:12646287]
4. Henrik Viberg,Per Eriksson. (2011-08-09) Differences in neonatal neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, PBDE 99 and TBBPA, in mice.. Toxicology, 289 ((1)): (59-65). [PMID:21820030]
5. Anders Ettrup,Jens D Mikkelsen,Szabolcs Lehel,Jacob Madsen,Elsebet Ø Nielsen,Mikael Palner,Daniel B Timmermann,Dan Peters,Gitte M Knudsen. (2011-08-11) 11C-NS14492 as a novel PET radioligand for imaging cerebral alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: in vivo evaluation and drug occupancy measurements.. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 52 ((9)): (1449-1456). [PMID:21828113]
6. Natalie Walker,Colin Howe,Chris Bullen,Hayden McRobbie,Marewa Glover,Varsha Parag,Jonathan Williman,Reon Veale,Vili Nosa,Joanne Barnes. (2011-11-23) Study protocol for a non-inferiority trial of cytisine versus nicotine replacement therapy in people motivated to stop smoking.. BMC public health, 11 (880-880). [PMID:22104038]
7. Hiroto Kuwabara,Dean F Wong,Yongjun Gao,Heather Valentine,Daniel P Holt,Hayden T Ravert,Robert F Dannals,Andrew G Horti. (2011-12-17) PET Imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in baboons with 18F-AZAN, a radioligand with improved brain kinetics.. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 53 ((1)): (121-129). [PMID:22173841]
8. Edwin G Pérez,Carolina Méndez-Gálvez,Bruce K Cassels. (2012-03-01) Cytisine: a natural product lead for the development of drugs acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.. Natural product reports, 29 ((5)): (555-567). [PMID:22367109]
9. Colin S Cunningham,Martin A Javors,Lance R McMahon. (2012-03-23) Pharmacologic characterization of a nicotine-discriminative stimulus in rhesus monkeys.. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 341 ((3)): (840-849). [PMID:22438471]
10. Kate Cahill,Lindsay F Stead,Tim Lancaster. (2012-04-20) Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 4 ((4)): (CD006103-CD006103). [PMID:22513936]
11. Prakash Rucktooa,Claire A Haseler,René van Elk,August B Smit,Timothy Gallagher,Titia K Sixma. (2012-05-04) Structural characterization of binding mode of smoking cessation drugs to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors through study of ligand complexes with acetylcholine-binding protein.. The Journal of biological chemistry, 287 ((28)): (23283-23293). [PMID:22553201]
12. Clare Stokes,Roger L Papke. (2012-05-15) Use of an α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit concatamer to characterize ganglionic receptor subtypes with specific subunit composition reveals species-specific pharmacologic properties.. Neuropharmacology, 63 ((4)): (538-546). [PMID:22580377]
13. Mariaelvina Sala,Daniela Braida,Luca Pucci,Irene Manfredi,Michael J Marks,Charles R Wageman,Sharon R Grady,Barbara Loi,Sergio Fucile,Francesca Fasoli,Michele Zoli,Bruno Tasso,Fabio Sparatore,Francesco Clementi,Cecilia Gotti. (2012-09-11) CC4, a dimer of cytisine, is a selective partial agonist at α4β2/α6β2 nAChR with improved selectivity for tobacco smoking cessation.. British journal of pharmacology, 168 ((4)): (835-849). [PMID:22957729]
14. Yu-Jiao Li,Qi Yang,Kun Zhang,Yan-Yan Guo,Xu-Bo Li,Le Yang,Ming-Gao Zhao,Yu-Mei Wu. (2012-10-02) Cytisine confers neuronal protection against excitotoxic injury by down-regulating GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.. Neurotoxicology, 34 (219-225). [PMID:23022271]
15. Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate,Katia Gysling,Usoa E Busto,Bruce K Cassels,Lutske Tampier,María Elena Quintanilla. (2013-01-25) Varenicline and cytisine: two nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands reduce ethanol intake in University of Chile bibulous rats.. Psychopharmacology, 227 ((2)): (287-298). [PMID:23344555]
16. Peter Hajek,Hayden McRobbie,Katie Myers. (2013-02-14) Efficacy of cytisine in helping smokers quit: systematic review and meta-analysis.. Thorax, 68 ((11)): (1037-1042). [PMID:23404838]
17. Julia Niedźwiecka,Anna K Przybył,Maciej Kubicki. (2013-02-21) [Crystal and molecular structure of cytisine salts].. Przeglad lekarski, 69 ((10)): (998-1003). [PMID:23421078]
18. Iwona Zieleń,Mariola Sliwińska-Mossoń,Halina Milnerowicz. (2013-02-21) [Drugs used to treat nicotine addiction].. Przeglad lekarski, 69 ((10)): (1098-1102). [PMID:23421099]
19. Matthew R Costello,Daisy D Reynaga,Celina Y Mojica,Nurulain T Zaveri,James D Belluzzi,Frances M Leslie. (2014-02-12) Comparison of the reinforcing properties of nicotine and cigarette smoke extract in rats.. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 39 ((8)): (1843-1851). [PMID:24513971]
20. Jesse S Rodriguez,Colin S Cunningham,Fernando B Moura,Pauline Ondachi,F Ivy Carroll,Lance R McMahon. (2014-05-08) Discriminative stimulus and hypothermic effects of some derivatives of the nAChR agonist epibatidine in mice.. Psychopharmacology, 231 ((23)): (4455-4466). [PMID:24800895]
21. Kathryn M Albers,Xiu Lin Zhang,Charlotte M Diges,Erica S Schwartz,Charles I Yang,Brian M Davis,Michael S Gold. (2014-06-03) Artemin growth factor increases nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit expression and activity in nociceptive sensory neurons.. Molecular pain, 10 (31-31). [PMID:24886596]
22. Soo Hee Jeong,David Newcombe,Janie Sheridan,Malcolm Tingle. (2014-09-19) Pharmacokinetics of cytisine, an α4 β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, in healthy smokers following a single dose.. Drug testing and analysis, 7 ((6)): (475-482). [PMID:25231024]
23. Yann S Mineur,Emily B Einstein,Matthew P Bentham,Mattis B Wigestrand,Sam Blakeman,Sylvia A Newbold,Marina R Picciotto. (2014-10-08) Expression of the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor in the hippocampus is required for social stress resilience and the antidepressant-like effects induced by the nicotinic partial agonist cytisine.. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 40 ((4)): (938-946). [PMID:25288485]
24. Hong Xu,Jeffery A Boychuk,Carie R Boychuk,Victor V Uteshev,Bret N Smith. (2014-11-28) Nicotine enhances inhibition of mouse vagal motor neurons by modulating excitability of premotor GABAergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii.. Journal of neurophysiology, 113 ((4)): (1165-1174). [PMID:25429117]
25. Natalie Walker,Colin Howe,Marewa Glover,Hayden McRobbie,Joanne Barnes,Vili Nosa,Varsha Parag,Bruce Bassett,Christopher Bullen. (2014-12-18) Cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation.. The New England journal of medicine, 371 ((25)): (2353-2362). [PMID:25517706]
26. Nancy A Rigotti. (2014-12-18) Cytisine--a tobacco treatment hiding in plain sight.. The New England journal of medicine, 371 ((25)): (2429-2430). [PMID:25517710]
27. Erin E Meyers,Esteban C Loetz,Michael J Marks. (2015-01-07) Differential expression of the beta4 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit affects tolerance development and nicotinic binding sites following chronic nicotine treatment.. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 130 (1-8). [PMID:25560939]
28. Jean-François Etter. (2006-08-16) Cytisine for smoking cessation: a literature review and a meta-analysis.. Archives of internal medicine, 166 ((15)): (1553-1559). [PMID:16908787]
29. Yann S Mineur,Oli Somenzi,Marina R Picciotto. (2007-02-27) Cytisine, a partial agonist of high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice.. Neuropharmacology, 52 ((5)): (1256-1262). [PMID:17320916]
30. Jean-François Etter,Ronald J Lukas,Neal L Benowitz,Robert West,Carolyn M Dresler. (2007-09-11) Cytisine for smoking cessation: a research agenda.. Drug and alcohol dependence, 92 ((1-3)): (3-8). [PMID:17825502]
31. Christoph Hirschhäuser,Claire A Haseler,Timothy Gallagher. (2011-04-27) Core modification of cytisine: a modular synthesis.. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 50 ((22)): (5162-5165). [PMID:21520366]
32. Hugo R Arias,Dominik Feuerbach,Katarzyna M Targowska-Duda,Krzysztof Jozwiak. (2011-06-07) Structure-activity relationship of ibogaine analogs interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states.. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 43 ((9)): (1330-1339). [PMID:21642011]
33. Yann S Mineur,Alfonso Abizaid,Yan Rao,Ramiro Salas,Ralph J DiLeone,Daniela Gündisch,Sabrina Diano,Mariella De Biasi,Tamas L Horvath,Xiao-Bing Gao,Marina R Picciotto. (2011-06-11) Nicotine decreases food intake through activation of POMC neurons.. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332 ((6035)): (1330-1332). [PMID:21659607]
34. Magdalena Majewska,Jarosław Szponar,Elzbieta Pyra,Halina Kostek,Anna Kujawa. (2011-10-21) [Serotonin syndrome in the course of drug-poisoning--case presentation].. Przeglad lekarski, 68 ((8)): (523-526). [PMID:22010456]
35. P A Iavich,L I Churadze,T Sh Suladze,T A Rukhadze. (2012-02-07) [Development of quantitative analyse method for determination of alkaloid cytisin in Spartium junceum L., growing in Georgia].. Georgian medical news, (201) ((201)): (65-69). [PMID:22306505]
36. D S Turcanu,N Kirtok,C Eibl,D Guendisch,E F LaGamma,B B Nankova. (2012-04-17) Nicotinic receptor partial agonists alter catecholamine homeostasis and response to nicotine in PC12 cells.. Neuroscience letters, 516 ((2)): (212-216). [PMID:22503726]
37. Noah S Philip,Linda L Carpenter,Audrey R Tyrka,Lawrence H Price. (2012-05-24) The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a target for antidepressant drug development.. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2012 (104105-104105). [PMID:22619570]
38. Christopher I Richards,Khai Luong,Rahul Srinivasan,Stephen W Turner,Dennis A Dougherty,Jonas Korlach,Henry A Lester. (2012-06-07) Live-cell imaging of single receptor composition using zero-mode waveguide nanostructures.. Nano letters, 12 ((7)): (3690-3694). [PMID:22668081]
39. Ravi K Sajja,Shafiqur Rahman. (2012-06-29) Neuronal nicotinic receptor ligands modulate chronic nicotine-induced ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J mice.. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 102 ((1)): (36-43). [PMID:22741175]
40. Paulo César Ghedini,Maria Christina W Avellar,Thereza Christina M De Lima,Maria Teresa R Lima-Landman,Antônio José Lapa,Caden Souccar. (2012-09-22) Quantitative changes of nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus of dystrophin-deficient mice.. Brain research, 1483 (96-104). [PMID:22995368]
41. Hugo R Arias,Nikolai B Fedorov,Lisa C Benson,Patrick M Lippiello,Greg J Gatto,Dominik Feuerbach,Marcelo O Ortells. (2012-09-27) Functional and structural interaction of (-)-reboxetine with the human α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 344 ((1)): (113-123). [PMID:23010362]
42. Kasper Harpsøe,Helle Hald,Daniel B Timmermann,Marianne L Jensen,Tino Dyhring,Elsebet Ø Nielsen,Dan Peters,Thomas Balle,Michael Gajhede,Jette S Kastrup,Philip K Ahring. (2012-12-12) Molecular determinants of subtype-selective efficacies of cytisine and the novel compound NS3861 at heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.. The Journal of biological chemistry, 288 ((4)): (2559-2570). [PMID:23229547]
43. Paul Aveyard,Robert West. (2013-08-03) Cytisine and the failure to market and regulate for human health.. Thorax, 68 ((11)): (989-989). [PMID:23908130]
44. Can Peng,Clare Stokes,Yann S Mineur,Marina R Picciotto,Chengju Tian,Christoph Eibl,Isabelle Tomassoli,Daniela Guendisch,Roger L Papke. (2013-08-21) Differential modulation of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function by cytisine, varenicline, and two novel bispidine compounds: emergent properties of a hybrid molecule.. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 347 ((2)): (424-437). [PMID:23959137]
45. Michael J Marks,Sharon R Grady,Outi Salminen,Miranda A Paley,Charles R Wageman,J Michael McIntosh,Paul Whiteaker. (2014-03-26) α6β2-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are more sensitive than α4β2-subtype receptors to regulation by chronic nicotine administration.. Journal of neurochemistry, 130 ((2)): (185-198). [PMID:24661093]
46. Edmund F LaGamma,Necla Kirtok,Owen Chan,Bistra B Nankova. (2014-08-15) Partial blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors improves the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in recurrently hypoglycemic rats.. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 307 ((7)): (E580-E588). [PMID:25117409]

Solution Calculators

Molarity Calculator

Determine the necessary mass, volume, or concentration for preparing a solution.

Dilution Calculator

Determine the dilution needed to prepare a stock solution.