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Tetramethylammonium chloride - for electrochemical analysis, ≥99.0%, high purity , CAS No.75-57-0

25 Citations

electrochemical grade

≥99%

CAS#: 75-57-0
Formula: C₄H₁₂NCl
Molecular Weight: 109.6
Beilstein Registry Number: 3911201
EC Number: 200-880-8
MDL number: MFCD00011628
PubChem CID: 6379

Item Number

T139947

Grouped product items
SKU	Size	Availability	Price	Qty
T139947-5g	5g	Available within 4-8 weeks(?) Items will be manufactured post-order and can take 4-8 weeks. Thank you for your patience!	$29.90
T139947-25g	25g	Available within 4-8 weeks(?) Items will be manufactured post-order and can take 4-8 weeks. Thank you for your patience!	$109.90

Basic Description

Synonyms	TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE \| 75-57-0 \| Tetramethyl ammonium chloride \| Tetramine chloride \| USAF AN-8 \| Methanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride \| N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride \| 9050-97-9 \| tetramethylazanium chloride \| Ammonium, tetramethyl-, chloride \| tetramet
Specifications & Purity	electrochemical grade, ≥99%
Storage Temp	Desiccated
Shipped In	Normal
Grade	electrochemical grade

Associated Targets(Human)

SLC22A2 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 2 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLC22A3 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 3 (0 Activities)

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SLC22A1 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 1 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLC5A7 Tchem High affinity choline transporter 1 (0 Activities)

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SLC22A5 Tbio Solute carrier family 22 member 5 (0 Activities)

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Activity Type	Activity Value -log(M)	Mechanism of Action	Activity Reference	Publications (PubMed IDs)

SLC22A1 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 1 (646 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

SLC22A2 Tchem Solute carrier family 22 member 2 (261 Activities)

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Associated Targets(non-human)

Slc5a7 Choline transporter (45 Activities)

Discover Target: Slc5a7

Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Slc22a5 Solute carrier family 22 member 5 (44 Activities)

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Activity Type	Relation	Activity value	Units	Action Type	Journal	PubMed Id	doi	Assay Aladdin ID

Mechanisms of Action

Mechanism of Action	Action Type	target ID	Target Name	Target Type	Target Organism	Binding Site Name	References

Names and Identifiers

IUPAC Name	tetramethylazanium;chloride
INCHI	InChI=1S/C4H12N.ClH/c1-5(2,3)4;/h1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
InChi Key	OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Canonical SMILES	C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]
Isomeric SMILES	C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]
WGK Germany	1
PubChem CID	6379
Molecular Weight	109.6
Beilstein	3911201

Certificates

Certificate of Analysis(COA)

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Find and download the COA for your product by matching the lot number on the packaging.

2 results found

Lot Number	Chart	Certificate Type	Date	Item
I2410397		Certificate of Analysis	Aug 30, 2024	T139947
I2410402		Certificate of Analysis	Aug 30, 2024	T139947

Chemical and Physical Properties

Melt Point(°C)	> 300 °C

Safety and Hazards(GHS)

Pictogram(s)	GHS06, GHS08, GHS09, GHS07
Signal	Danger
Hazard Statements	H315:Causes skin irritation H319:Causes serious eye irritation H335:May cause respiratory irritation H301:Toxic if swallowed H311:Toxic in contact with skin H411:Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects H312:Harmful in contact with skin H300:Fatal if swallowed H370:Causes damage to organs
Precautionary Statements	P261:Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. P305+P351+P338:IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do - continue rinsing. P273:Avoid release to the environment. P280:Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P302+P352:IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of water. P321:Specific treatment (see ... on this label). P405:Store locked up. P501:Dispose of contents/container to ... P264:Wash hands [and …] thoroughly after handling. P260:Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray. P271:Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P270:Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P304+P340:IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P403+P233:Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P362+P364:Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P391:Collect spillage. P330:Rinse mouth. P361+P364:Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. P264+P265:Wash hands [and …] thoroughly after handling. Do not touch eyes. P301+P316:IF SWALLOWED: Get emergency medical help immediately. P317:Get emergency medical help. P337+P317:If eye irritation persists: Get medical help. P308+P316:IF exposed or concerned: Get emergency medical help immediately. P332+P317:If skin irritation occurs: Get medical help. P316:Get emergency medical help immediately. P319:Get medical help if you feel unwell.
WGK Germany	1

Citations of This Product

How to Cite Aladdin Scientific Products?

1. Zaichao Guo, Fujin Li, Xuanxuan Wu, Zhihao Liang, Muhammad Junaid, Jianjun Xie, Liang Lu, Jinglai Duan, Jie Liu, Huijun Yao. (2024) Efficient ion sieving and ion transport properties in sub-nanoporous polyetherimide membranes. DESALINATION, 573 (117192). [PMID:8885239] [10.1016/j.desal.2023.117192]
2. Huidong Tang, Yanqiao Xu, Xiaobo Hu, Haijie Chen, Sanhai Wang, Weihui Jiang, Qing Hu, Lianjun Wang, Wan Jiang. (2023) Scalable Synthesis of Lead-Free Tetramethylammonium Manganese Halides for Highly Efficient Backlight Displays. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18 (1): (2300672). [PMID:19029337] [10.1002/lpor.202300672]
3. Shen Lingqi, Jin Xiangzi, Zhang Zhihui, Yi Yuexing, Zhang Jingyu, Li Zuguang. (2023) Extraction of Eugenol from Essential Oils by In Situ Formation of Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Green Recyclable Process. Journal of Analysis and Testing, (1): (1-11). [PMID:11018012] [10.1007/s41664-023-00267-x]
4. Weiwei Zhang, Leyu Dai, Tao Sun, Chuanxiang Qin, Jianjun Wang, Jun Sun, Lixing Dai. (2023) A transparent, self-adhesive and fully recyclable conductive PVA based hydrogel for wearable strain sensor. POLYMER, 283 (126281). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.polymer.2023.126281]
5. Xiang-Yu Wang, Ming-Wei Zhao, Xu-Hao Wang, Peng Liu, Meng-Yao Fan, Teng Li, Zhen-Feng Ma, Ying-Jie Dai, Cai-Li Dai. (2023) Intermolecular interactions induced property improvement for clean fracturing fluid by deep eutectic solvents. Petroleum Science, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.petsci.2023.08.013]
6. Linsheng Wang, Yulou Cui, Jiangtao Li, Zhen Song, Hongye Cheng, Zhiwen Qi. (2023) Toward high-performance associative extraction by forming deep eutectic solvent: A component pairing and mechanism study. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 272 (118602). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.ces.2023.118602]
7. Zhong Yuan, Zhang Jiangwei, Li Tingting, Xu Wenwu, Yao Qiaofeng, Lu Min, Bai Xue, Wu Zhennan, Xie Jianping, Zhang Yu. (2023) Suppression of kernel vibrations by layer-by-layer ligand engineering boosts photoluminescence efficiency of gold nanoclusters. Nature Communications, 14 (1): (1-12). [PMID:36746958] [10.1038/s41467-023-36387-2]
8. Mengyuan Jin, Sheng Cheng, Zhuo Yang, Yutong Luo, Yanhui Guo. (2023) A novel high-voltage solid electrolyte of Na3B24H23 for 4 V all-solid-state sodium battery. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 455 (140904). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2022.140904]
9. Jianhua Song, Lin Xu, Xiaoping Wang, Chonghao Chen, Weichong Wang, Haoyu Long, Muhammad Asif Nawaz, Dianhua Liu. (2023) Tailored acidic deep eutectic solvents: A multifunctional co-catalyst mediating homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous separation of ethylene methoxycarbonylation. FUEL, 333 (126562). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126562]
10. Wei-Wei Yan, Xian-Yong Wei, Jun Li, Meng-Xiao Wang, Hong-Cun Bai, Zhi-Min Zong. (2022) Priority Separation of Phenols with Deep Eutectic Solvents from an Acetonitrile-Extractable Portion of a Shale Oil: Experimental and Computational. ENERGY & FUELS, 36 (11): (5657–5665). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00403]
11. Mei Jiang, Lin Zhu, Qian Zhao, Guangyuan Chen, Zeru Wang, Jingjing Zhang, Ling Zhang, Jiehong Lei, Tao Duan. (2022) Novel synthesis of NaY-NH4F-Bi2S3 composite for enhancing iodine capture. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 443 (136477). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2022.136477]
12. Yang He, Lihua Zhou, Shaohua Gou, Xiaolin Qian, Zhihao Tian, Junwen Chen, Jie Liao, Jing Huo, Guangjun Gou. (2022) Imidazolium Gemini ionic liquids for regulating facilely the swelling and dispersion of montmorillonite in water. APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE, 219 (106457). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.clay.2022.106457]
13. Xinquan Liang, Yuan Zhu, Benkun Qi, Shiqian Li, Jianquan Luo, Yinhua Wan. (2021) Structure-property-performance relationships of lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvents with different hydrogen bond acceptors for corn stover pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, 336 (125312). [PMID:34044243] [10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125312]
14. Zeping Wang, Dingli Xie, Feng Zhang, Jiabing Yu, Xianping Chen, Ching Ping Wong. (2020) Controlling information duration on rewritable luminescent paper based on hybrid antimony (III) chloride/small-molecule absorbates. Science Advances, 6 (48): [PMID:33239292] [10.1126/sciadv.abc2181]
15. Yaqing Wang, Wenjun Chen, Qi Zhao, Guizhen Jin, Zhimin Xue, Yingxiong Wang, Tiancheng Mu. (2020) Ionicity of deep eutectic solvents by Walden plot and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR). PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 22 (44): (25760-25768). [PMID:33147302] [10.1039/D0CP01431A]
16. Zifei Yan, Jian Deng, Yuchao Chen, Guangsheng Luo. (2020) Preparation of 2,3-Epoxypropyl Neodecanoate: Process Optimization and Mechanism Discussion. INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH, 59 (43): (19168–19176). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02906]
17. Qi Zhang, Siru Ren, Song Xue, Ang Li, Siyao Liu, Xiaodong Sun. (2021) Tetraalkylammonium-l-tartrate ionic liquids as sole chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, 256 (117842). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117842]
18. Xuejiang Cheng, Xin Wang, Guangming Chen. (2018) A convenient and highly tunable way to n-type carbon nanotube thermoelectric composite film using common alkylammonium cationic surfactant. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6 (39): (19030-19037). [PMID:] [10.1039/C8TA07746K]
19. Youan Ji, Yucui Hou, Shuhang Ren, Muge Niu, Congfei Yao, Weize Wu. (2018) Efficient extraction of indole from wash oil by quaternary ammonium salts via forming deep eutectic solvents. FUEL, 215 (330). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.057]
20. Yucui Hou, Jie Kong, Yuehong Ren, Shuhang Ren, Weize Wu. (2017) Mass transfer dynamics in the separation of phenol from model oil with quaternary ammonium salts via forming deep eutectic solvents. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, 174 (554). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.038]
21. Xiao Huang, Yaofang Xuan, Lisiqi Xie, Bin Su. (2016) Unraveling the Phase-Transfer Catalysis Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Iron(III) meso-tetra-(4-N-Methyl-pyridyl) Porphine at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem, 3 (11): (1781-1786). [PMID:] [10.1002/celc.201600480]
22. Youan Ji, Yucui Hou, Shuhang Ren, Congfei Yao, Weize Wu. (2016) Phase equilibria of high pressure CO2 and deep eutectic solvents formed by quaternary ammonium salts and phenol. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA, 429 (14). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fluid.2016.08.020]
23. Xiao Huang, Lisiqi Xie, Xingyu Lin, Bin Su. (2016) Permselective Ion Transport Across the Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interface Array. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 88 (12): (6563–6569). [PMID:27240714] [10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01383]
24. Yaofang Xuan, Xiao Huang, Bin Su. (2015) Biomimetic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Microperoxidase-11 at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119 (21): (11685–11693). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02131]
25. Hua Tan, Wenxia Liu, Dehai Yu, Haidong Li, Martin A. Hubbe, Bei Gong, Wei Zhang, Huili Wang, Guodong Li. (2014) ASA-in-water emulsions stabilized by laponite nanoparticles modified with tetramethylammonium chloride. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 116 (682). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.ces.2014.06.005]

References

1. Zaichao Guo, Fujin Li, Xuanxuan Wu, Zhihao Liang, Muhammad Junaid, Jianjun Xie, Liang Lu, Jinglai Duan, Jie Liu, Huijun Yao. (2024) Efficient ion sieving and ion transport properties in sub-nanoporous polyetherimide membranes. DESALINATION, 573 (117192). [PMID:8885239] [10.1016/j.desal.2023.117192]
2. Huidong Tang, Yanqiao Xu, Xiaobo Hu, Haijie Chen, Sanhai Wang, Weihui Jiang, Qing Hu, Lianjun Wang, Wan Jiang. (2023) Scalable Synthesis of Lead-Free Tetramethylammonium Manganese Halides for Highly Efficient Backlight Displays. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18 (1): (2300672). [PMID:19029337] [10.1002/lpor.202300672]
3. Shen Lingqi, Jin Xiangzi, Zhang Zhihui, Yi Yuexing, Zhang Jingyu, Li Zuguang. (2023) Extraction of Eugenol from Essential Oils by In Situ Formation of Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Green Recyclable Process. Journal of Analysis and Testing, (1): (1-11). [PMID:11018012] [10.1007/s41664-023-00267-x]
4. Weiwei Zhang, Leyu Dai, Tao Sun, Chuanxiang Qin, Jianjun Wang, Jun Sun, Lixing Dai. (2023) A transparent, self-adhesive and fully recyclable conductive PVA based hydrogel for wearable strain sensor. POLYMER, 283 (126281). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.polymer.2023.126281]
5. Xiang-Yu Wang, Ming-Wei Zhao, Xu-Hao Wang, Peng Liu, Meng-Yao Fan, Teng Li, Zhen-Feng Ma, Ying-Jie Dai, Cai-Li Dai. (2023) Intermolecular interactions induced property improvement for clean fracturing fluid by deep eutectic solvents. Petroleum Science, [PMID:] [10.1016/j.petsci.2023.08.013]
6. Linsheng Wang, Yulou Cui, Jiangtao Li, Zhen Song, Hongye Cheng, Zhiwen Qi. (2023) Toward high-performance associative extraction by forming deep eutectic solvent: A component pairing and mechanism study. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 272 (118602). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.ces.2023.118602]
7. Zhong Yuan, Zhang Jiangwei, Li Tingting, Xu Wenwu, Yao Qiaofeng, Lu Min, Bai Xue, Wu Zhennan, Xie Jianping, Zhang Yu. (2023) Suppression of kernel vibrations by layer-by-layer ligand engineering boosts photoluminescence efficiency of gold nanoclusters. Nature Communications, 14 (1): (1-12). [PMID:36746958] [10.1038/s41467-023-36387-2]
8. Mengyuan Jin, Sheng Cheng, Zhuo Yang, Yutong Luo, Yanhui Guo. (2023) A novel high-voltage solid electrolyte of Na3B24H23 for 4 V all-solid-state sodium battery. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 455 (140904). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2022.140904]
9. Jianhua Song, Lin Xu, Xiaoping Wang, Chonghao Chen, Weichong Wang, Haoyu Long, Muhammad Asif Nawaz, Dianhua Liu. (2023) Tailored acidic deep eutectic solvents: A multifunctional co-catalyst mediating homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous separation of ethylene methoxycarbonylation. FUEL, 333 (126562). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126562]
10. Wei-Wei Yan, Xian-Yong Wei, Jun Li, Meng-Xiao Wang, Hong-Cun Bai, Zhi-Min Zong. (2022) Priority Separation of Phenols with Deep Eutectic Solvents from an Acetonitrile-Extractable Portion of a Shale Oil: Experimental and Computational. ENERGY & FUELS, 36 (11): (5657–5665). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00403]
11. Mei Jiang, Lin Zhu, Qian Zhao, Guangyuan Chen, Zeru Wang, Jingjing Zhang, Ling Zhang, Jiehong Lei, Tao Duan. (2022) Novel synthesis of NaY-NH4F-Bi2S3 composite for enhancing iodine capture. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, 443 (136477). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.cej.2022.136477]
12. Yang He, Lihua Zhou, Shaohua Gou, Xiaolin Qian, Zhihao Tian, Junwen Chen, Jie Liao, Jing Huo, Guangjun Gou. (2022) Imidazolium Gemini ionic liquids for regulating facilely the swelling and dispersion of montmorillonite in water. APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE, 219 (106457). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.clay.2022.106457]
13. Xinquan Liang, Yuan Zhu, Benkun Qi, Shiqian Li, Jianquan Luo, Yinhua Wan. (2021) Structure-property-performance relationships of lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvents with different hydrogen bond acceptors for corn stover pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, 336 (125312). [PMID:34044243] [10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125312]
14. Zeping Wang, Dingli Xie, Feng Zhang, Jiabing Yu, Xianping Chen, Ching Ping Wong. (2020) Controlling information duration on rewritable luminescent paper based on hybrid antimony (III) chloride/small-molecule absorbates. Science Advances, 6 (48): [PMID:33239292] [10.1126/sciadv.abc2181]
15. Yaqing Wang, Wenjun Chen, Qi Zhao, Guizhen Jin, Zhimin Xue, Yingxiong Wang, Tiancheng Mu. (2020) Ionicity of deep eutectic solvents by Walden plot and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR). PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 22 (44): (25760-25768). [PMID:33147302] [10.1039/D0CP01431A]
16. Zifei Yan, Jian Deng, Yuchao Chen, Guangsheng Luo. (2020) Preparation of 2,3-Epoxypropyl Neodecanoate: Process Optimization and Mechanism Discussion. INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH, 59 (43): (19168–19176). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02906]
17. Qi Zhang, Siru Ren, Song Xue, Ang Li, Siyao Liu, Xiaodong Sun. (2021) Tetraalkylammonium-l-tartrate ionic liquids as sole chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, 256 (117842). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117842]
18. Xuejiang Cheng, Xin Wang, Guangming Chen. (2018) A convenient and highly tunable way to n-type carbon nanotube thermoelectric composite film using common alkylammonium cationic surfactant. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6 (39): (19030-19037). [PMID:] [10.1039/C8TA07746K]
19. Youan Ji, Yucui Hou, Shuhang Ren, Muge Niu, Congfei Yao, Weize Wu. (2018) Efficient extraction of indole from wash oil by quaternary ammonium salts via forming deep eutectic solvents. FUEL, 215 (330). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.057]
20. Yucui Hou, Jie Kong, Yuehong Ren, Shuhang Ren, Weize Wu. (2017) Mass transfer dynamics in the separation of phenol from model oil with quaternary ammonium salts via forming deep eutectic solvents. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, 174 (554). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.038]
21. Xiao Huang, Yaofang Xuan, Lisiqi Xie, Bin Su. (2016) Unraveling the Phase-Transfer Catalysis Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Iron(III) meso-tetra-(4-N-Methyl-pyridyl) Porphine at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. ChemElectroChem, 3 (11): (1781-1786). [PMID:] [10.1002/celc.201600480]
22. Youan Ji, Yucui Hou, Shuhang Ren, Congfei Yao, Weize Wu. (2016) Phase equilibria of high pressure CO2 and deep eutectic solvents formed by quaternary ammonium salts and phenol. FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA, 429 (14). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.fluid.2016.08.020]
23. Xiao Huang, Lisiqi Xie, Xingyu Lin, Bin Su. (2016) Permselective Ion Transport Across the Nanoscopic Liquid/Liquid Interface Array. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 88 (12): (6563–6569). [PMID:27240714] [10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01383]
24. Yaofang Xuan, Xiao Huang, Bin Su. (2015) Biomimetic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Microperoxidase-11 at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119 (21): (11685–11693). [PMID:] [10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02131]
25. Hua Tan, Wenxia Liu, Dehai Yu, Haidong Li, Martin A. Hubbe, Bei Gong, Wei Zhang, Huili Wang, Guodong Li. (2014) ASA-in-water emulsions stabilized by laponite nanoparticles modified with tetramethylammonium chloride. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 116 (682). [PMID:] [10.1016/j.ces.2014.06.005]

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